Postscript Adobe Product

Postscript Adobe Product Adobes first item, Postscriptâ ®, was a main impetus behind the work area distributing transformation of the mid 1980s. Postscript gave an interface between PC program and a yield gadget, for example, a printer. It contained three sections; a page portrayal language which was open, reported and free, a translator which was authorized to yield gadget producers, and textual styles which were offered to end clients, for example, visual specialists. The main postscript items were presented in 1985 through a vital coalition among four firms: Adobe, Apple, Aldus, and Linotype. The mix of items from these organizations started the work area clients could make pamphlets and different archives that had an expert look and feel: records could incorporate illustrations and content utilizing proficient quality textual styles. The outcome was cultivated through an arrangement of items. Aldus PageMaker programming, which ran on Apple Macintosh, empowered the making of reports that coordinated content and illustrations, PageMaker required a postscript gadget for printing. The Apple Laser author was the main postscript printer and joined a postscript translator authorized from Adobe. At long last, proficient looking records just required excellent text styles, for example, Times Roman or Palatino, which normally were just accessible to proficient distributers. Linotype, a firm with more than 100 years of encounters in the typesetter business, authorized a lot of its most well known textual styles to Adobe so Adobe could offer them in postscript group. The Laser Writer accompanied 35 postscript textual styles work in Linotype additionally presented a very good quality postscript picture setter so that PageMaker records could be utilized in proficient distributing. By 1989, postscript had become the defacto standard for imprinting in the realistic expressions and distributing enterprises. A generally 100% of top of the line picture setters available consolidated postscript, while infiltration in the general laser printer advertise arrived at just about 25%, entrance of Postscript in laser printers utilized by visual craftsmen was nearer to 100%. Adobe additionally utilized the fundamental designs innovation of postscripts in applications programming for the realistic expressions network. The principal end-client application, Adobe artist, was presented in March 1987 and increased wide acknowledgment among visual craftsmen. Artist made yield Postscript yield and assisted with making interest for Postscript printers. Adobe additionally gained various programming items including Photostop for computerized picture altering in 1989, and Aldus PageMaker in 1993. These items were very effective, with Photostop catching over 90% of the market for photo graph altering programming. Proprietorship and utilizing of the Postscript standard had received immense benefits for Adobe; somewhere in the range of 1984 and 1995, income had developed from $2.2 million to $762 million-a compound yearly development; pace of 70%. Adobes share cost development had been similarly amazing, expanding at a normal rate of29% between 1986, when the firm opened up to the world and 1995. So as to make PDF archives clients needed to buy either Acrobat  ® Exchange for $195, or a progressively complex item, Acrobat  ® Distiller for $695. Similarly as with the Postscript standard, the particular for PDF was open. By utilizing documentation from Adobe, different firms could make records PDF position. Deals of Acrobat anyway were initially very baffling and arrived at just about $25 million out of 1993. Given the coming of the web, Adobe altered its Acrobat system. Rather than concentrating solely on record trade among laborers inside a partnership, Adobe likewise focused on web clients. The objective I was to make PDF the true standard for posting and trading reports on the web. Question 2. So as to urge programming designers to utilize the Postscript language, Adobe made it open to anybody for nothing. The language was fastidiously reported in what software engineers affectionately called â€Å"The Red Book†, and solid specialized help was furnished to outsider designers working with the language. Accordingly, the quantity of utilizations supporting Postscript expanded from 180 of every 1986 to more than 5,000 by 1991. To quicken the dispersion of Postscript yield gadgets, Adobe built up a standard controller configuration dependent on the Motorola G8000 chip. Printer makers keen on authorizing Postscript had free access to this structure, therefore quickening the improvement time for Postscript items. What's more, Adobe builds regularly took a shot at joint item advancement groups with clients so as to help with the plan of modified Postscript mediators. The quantity of Postscript licenses expanded from only one, Apple in 1985 to 60 by 1994. Adobe put a huge sum in wrinkling its own library of Postscript text styles. In 1986, Adobe put 16% of deals in textual style improvement, and dollar venture kept on expanding from 1985 through 1992. The quantity of Postscript textual styles in the Adobe assortment expanded from 35 of every 1985 to 2000 of every 1994. These text styles were esteemed most profoundly by visual specialists planning pages for proficient distributing. Adobe supported appropriation of the Acrobat Reader by changing its past strategy of charging $50. The Acrobat Reader turned out to be generally accessible for nothing. In 1994, a coalition was made with AOL made the Acrobat Reader accessible to all AOL clients. Adobe likewise settled associations with various PC merchants, for example, Compaq, Dell, and Sony to preload the Acrobat Reader on Personal Computers they sold. In 1995 free downloads of the Acrobat Reader were made accessible from the Adobe site. At the point when clients visited a site with PDF content they were told to tap on a connect to Adobe.com to get the free Acrobat Reader. Downloads of the Acrobat Readers investigated beginning in 1997, and by July 2000 more than 197 million Acrobat Readers had been downloaded, with progressing downloads of around 6 million all the more every month. Traffic to the Adobe site was likewise noteworthy with around 11 million extraordinary guests a month. Downloads additionally drove de als of the full Acrobat item, required for PDF creation. Adobe statistical surveying demonstrated that 88% of full Acrobat buyers had utilized the Acrobat Reader before purchasing the full item. Question 3. Standard wars and fights for predominance in the market between contradictory advances are results of the data age. Adobe reported it would discharge the whole PDF detail (current variant 1.7) to the International Standards Organization. PDF has arrived at a point in its development cycle where keeping up it in an open gauges way is the following sensible advance in advancement. In addition to the fact that this reinforces Adobes responsibility to open guidelines, however it shows that open principles and open source techniques are truly turning into a standard idea in the product business. PDF will go from being an open norm/particular and true standard to an all out dejure standard. (http://www.ameinfo.com/40724.html) Adobe has discovered that with Postscript and PDF, distributing the details, making them open yet not open norms is the correct way. This is on the grounds that once something turns into a standard driven by a norms body, it moves to a chilly spot Ad development eases back down essentially in light of the fact that everyone needs to concur and settle. On the off chance that it is made an absolutely open source, they don't get an arrival on venture. They accept that by opening up the detail, they permit others to exploit it. In any case, they despite everything own the source and get the chance to advance around that standard all the more rapidly. (http://www.ameinfo.com/40724.html) Vulnerability about the market of digital books depended on various components. One of the significant obstructions to reception of E-Books was on-screen meaningfulness. Against associating innovation had been created by both Adobe (Cool Type) and Microsoft (Clear Type), improving content goals by up to 300% digital book goals, be that as it may, was as yet not near coordinating the nature of paper. So far the spot of digital books was comparable or higher than that of print books, obliging interest. Moreover, devoted digital books perusing gadgets had been moderately costly, costing at least $250. At last, the determination of digital books was still very constrained and digital books arranged for one gadget could for the most part not be utilized on another. Contingent on their presumptions about estimating and principles, experts had alternate points of view on the capability of the market. After the all around plugged fight among VHS and Beta organizations in the VCR business, the two produces and purchasers were careful about measures war. No shopper needed to be left with what might be compared to Betamax CVR, a vagrant item without any tapes to play on it. Moreover, makers didn't to be on the losing end of a gauges war. It was muddled how principles in the digital book market would develop. While Microsoft had changed head on into the buyer it is pondered whether Adobe ought to rather concentrate somewhere else. Different portions, for example, expert and specialized clients, while comparable than the general buyer showcase, appeared to put more an incentive on what digital books brought to the table and were driving in their appropriation. Likewise, Adobes prevalent designs capacity was all the more profoundly esteemed by the expert market. Adobe can win the principles war by making unions with other programming organizations. A decent organization is Google. Relative market tops show Adobe at $24 billion, Google at $148 billion and Microsoft at $296 billion. Google needs something like Adobe and Microsoft doesn't have a similar point of view. This could be a key relationship to assist Adobe with winning organizations/norms war against Microsoft. Adobe may effectively possess the market for electronic archives on account of PDF, yet the organization realizes that Microsoft has a propensity for appearing late to a gathering and taking the crown. Thusly Adobe is beta trying another undertaking it calls â€Å"mars† which is a response to Microsofts new XPS design. (http://www.inforules.c

Store More Custom Data Into Tree Node in Delphi

Store More Custom Data Into Tree Node in Delphi The TTreeView Delphi part shows a various leveled rundown of things tree hubs. A hub is introduced by hub content and a discretionary picture. Every hub in a tree see is an example of a TTreeNode class. While you can fill in the tree see with things at configuration time, utilizing the TreeView Items Editor, as a rule you would fill your tree see at run time-depending what your application is about. The TreeView Items Editor uncovers theres just a bunch of data you can connect to a hub: content and a couple of picture records (for the ordinary state, extended, chose and the same). Basically, the tree see part is anything but difficult to program against. There are a few techniques to add new hubs to the tree and set their chain of importance. Heres how to add 10 hubs to the tree see (named TreeView1). Note that the Items property gives access to all hubs in the tree. The AddChild adds another hub to the tree see. The main parameter is the parent hub (to develop the pecking order) and the subsequent parameter is the hub content. The AddChild restores the recently included TTreeNode. In the above code test, every one of the 10 hubs are included as root hubs (have no parent hub). In any increasingly intricate circumstances you would need your hubs to convey more data ideally to have some exceptional qualities (properties) that are explicit to the venture you are creating. Let's assume you need to show client request thing information from your database. Every client can have more requests and each request is made up from more things. This is a progressive connection one can show in a tree see: In your database there would be more information for each request and for every thing. The tree see shows the (read just) current state - and you need to see per request (or even per thing) subtleties for the chose request. At the point when the client chooses the hub Order_1_1 you need the request subtleties (all out aggregate, date, and so on) to get showed to the client. You can, around then get the necessary information from the database, BUT you would need to know the remarkable identifier (lets state a whole number estimation) of the chose request to get the right information. We need an approach to store this request identifier alongside the hub however we can't utilize the Text property. The custom worth we have to store in every hub is a whole number (only a model). At the point when such a circumstance happens you may be enticed to search for the Tag property (numerous Delphi segments have) yet the Tag property isn't uncovered by the TTreeNode class. Add Custom Data To Tree Nodes:Â The TreeNode.Data Property The Data property of a tree hub permits you to connect your custom information with a tree hub. Information is a pointer and can highlight articles and records. The Displaying XML (RSS Feed) Data in a TreeView tells the best way to store a record type variable into the Data property of a tree hub. Some thing type classes uncover the Data property-you can use to store any object alongside the thing. A model is the TListItem of a TListView segment. Heres how to add articles to the Data property. Add Custom Data To Tree Nodes:Â The TreeView.CreateNodeClass In the event that you would prefer not to utilize the Data property of the TTreeNode, yet rather you might want to have your own TreeNode stretched out with a couple of properties, Delphi additionally has an answer. Let's assume you need to have the option to do Heres how to expand the standard TTreeNode with a couple of properties of your own: Make your TMyTreeNode by expanding the TTreeNode.Add it a string property MyProperty.Handle the OnCreateNodeClass for the tree view to determine your hub class ought to be created.Expose something like TreeView1_SelectedNode property on the structure level. This would be of type TMyTreeNode.Handle tree sees OnChange to keep in touch with the SelectedNode the estimation of the hub that is selected.Use TreeView1_Selected.myProperty to peruse or compose new custom worth. Heres the full source code (TButton: Button1 and TTreeView: TreeView1 on a structure): This time the Data property of the TTreeNode class isn't utilized. Or maybe, you stretch out the TTreeNode class to have your own form of a tree hub: TMyTreeNode. Utilizing the OnCreateNodeClass occasion of the tree see, you make a hub of your custom class rather than the standard TTreenode class.

The Broke Persons Guide to Thanksgiving

The Broke Persons Guide to Thanksgiving The Broke Persons Guide to Thanksgiving The Broke Persons Guide to ThanksgivingThanksgiving can feel like a time that you need to go all out, but dont let the gobble gobble of a pricey turkey dinner gobble up your savings!With the end of Halloween, Christmas is here once more! Or so the mainstream media wants you to believe! But here at the OppLoans Financial Sense blog, we know that there’s a holiday after Halloween and before Christmas that deserves its due!That’s right, we’re talking Thanksgiving. Turkey time. The cornucopia crunch. The pilgrim programming block. The mashed potato main event. The gravy gala. The cornbread coronation. The wishbone wonderfest.Whatever you call it, it’s a time to get together with family to watch a parade, toss the football around, and eat until you’re physically incapable of eating anymore. But whether you’re traveling or whether you’re hosting, it can get very expensive.That’s why we spoke to the experts to get you these savings tips so the only turkey this  year  will be the one on the plate! Shop smarter, not harder.If you’re hosting Thanksgiving dinner, you could be doing a lot of shopping. But with some shopping strategies, you can bring your costs down significantly.“Dont be so focused on fresh items as theyll be priced higher during the holidays,” advised Claudia Sidoti, Head Chef at HelloFresh (@HelloFresh). “Stocks, canned soups, and vegetables are often on sale this time of year and can be used in dishes for several months following Thanksgiving.“Consider buying ‘out-of-the-box’ items like corn and potatoes as theyre easy on a  budget. Try picking up a grocery store turkey, which will cost much less, and can even be bought early and stored in the freezer to save even more.”You can also use the time-tested strategy of buying a lot of stuff at once.“For items like paper towels and certain dishes, it’s just better to buy in bulk,” suggested Amanda Raimondi, lifestyle expert and writer for Kiwi Searches (@kiwisearches).“ Not to mention, who doesn’t love Thanksgiving leftovers? You will probably be able to eat those leftovers for many days after. So go grocery shopping at places like Costco to get more for your money.”Couponicopia.Coupons can help you save money at any time of the year. And Thanksgiving? Yep, it’s a time of the year.“Most grocery stores have sales for Thanksgiving,” Raimondi told us. They want you to make your food purchases there. All the popular items like corn, mashed potatoes, vegetables, and stuffing will be on sale somewhere.You may even get a coupon circular in the mail as I do. If you’re really lucky, certain grocery stores offer a free turkey if you earn enough points during the year at their store.”It’s your potlucky day.Much like in the (admittedly apocryphal) accounts of the original Thanksgiving, the meal is better if everyone brings something to the table.“Dont let anyone who offers come empty-handed,” recommended Holly Wolf, Director of Customer Eng agement for SOLO Laboratories (@SOLO_labs). “Or, dont let anyone come empty-handed.I give specific things like bring two pumpkin pies, or bring rolls and a salad. For those who dont want to cook, suggest bringing butter, wine, salad or festive paper plates to make your clean up fast and easy.If you have a family of people coming that lives close by, ask if they would mind picking up the turkey. Even at $20, for a family of four, thats just five dollars eachâ€"a small contribution.”Narrow down the menu.Instead of making everything you can and wasting time and money on food that might not actually be eaten, you can make your guests put their mouth where their mouth is via the magic of democracy.“Take a vote on the menu,” advised Wolf. “Offer options and see what people select. For example, I ask if you want sweet potatoes, mac and cheese, potato filling (its a Pennsylvania Dutch thing), dried corn (again a PA Dutch thing) or noodle pudding (a family tradition).They each vote on two. This year, were having sweet potatoes and potato filling. Thats less work and less expense than having all of the side dishes. Few like salad or soup on Thanksgiving, so I no longer make that.”Batch drinks arent just for college parties.Whether you enjoy drinkingâ€"or just need it to get through dinner with some of your more difficult relativesâ€"there are ways to save on Thanksgiving thirst time.“I am a huge fan of doing big batch cocktails,” Sidoti told us. “This way, you avoid buying a ton of different types of alcohol and mixers which can really add up!Try something simple and classic like cranberry juice and vodka. Keep it cold in pitchers in the fridge before serving and use a giant punch bowl with plenty of ice! Try boxed wine! Its much cheaper than bottled wine and good for the environment.”Just (get creative with) desserts.Thanksgiving dessert. Because you need something else to eat after you’ve already eaten so much you can’t possibly eat anymore. Pr obably something sweet!“Making your own pie crust is much cheaper than buying it frozen or prepared,” advised Sidoti. “Use leftover Halloween candy to bake fun desserts or swap store-bought chocolate chips for the candy shavings. Chop finely and you get a mix in for some of your favorite cookie recipes!”Fly me to the food, let me play among the carbs.If you’re the guest, rather than the host, and you need to travel to get to the meal, you’re probably dreading the holiday travel costs. But putting off booking your trip is only going to make it worse.Tracy Julien, VP of Marketing for GuidedChoice (@GuidedChoice), offered this advice: “With Thanksgiving being a month away, this tip might not help for this year, but hopefully it can be of use for the future.Thanksgiving week is one of the most traveled weeks of the year so getting ahead of the hustle and bustle can save you time and money. Traveling during this time of year will always be more expensive but if you have pla ns, start looking months in advance. Waiting till the last minute can burn a huge hole in your wallet.The next tip is not for everyone but can still save you. Taking early or late flights will be cheaper. If you are willing to sacrifice some sleep, go for these early flights. Early flights are cheaper, and they likely give a full first day at your destination!Plan your holiday travel and you’ll thank yourself later. The less stress during these crazy times, the better!”If you thought the Macy’s Parade was neat, just wait till you see the parade they’ll throw you for being such a great Thanksgiving saver. Maybe you’ll even get to ride the Garfield balloon!To read more about saving money, check out these related posts from OppLoans:The Broke Person’s Guide to Dating7 Tips for Eating Out on the CheapHow to Save Money When You’re Already on a Tight Budget8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterWhat are your best strategies for cutting Thanksgiving costs? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsTracy Julien is VP of Marketing for  GuidedChoice (@GuidedChoice), a leader in retirement investment planning and managed IRAs. Tracy received her Bachelor’s degree from Ohio University in 2000 and her MBA in Marketing Management from DePaul University in 2006. She has over 15 years of experience working for brands like FTD, the Blue Cross, and Unilever.Amanda Raimondi and is a financial expert and writer for  Kiwi Searches (@kiwisearches).Claudia Sidoti, Head Chef and Head of Recipe Development at  HelloFresh (@HelloFresh),  brings more than thirty years of experience to the HelloFresh kitchen, most recently hailing from Food Network, where for over eight years she served as Test Kitchen Director, leading culinary content and contributing more than 3,000 recipes to Food Network Magazine. She began her career at 19 as chef and restaurateur in New York City, spending eight years in the kitchen at Onini restaurant before shifting gears and food styling for television commercials, editorial,  and ad campaigns. She later launched catering company Beauty the Feast, along with Urban Market, an international specialty food shop that featured authentic dishes inspired by her multicultural family. At HelloFresh, she focuses on expanding and honing the robust database of delicious, easy-to-follow recipes for home cooks, which currently houses more than 1,000 unique recipes.Holly Wolf is an executive with over 30 years experience in banking and healthcare.

Honest Reputation Essay - 1236 Words

The Importance of Reputation, Othello Everyone is responsible for their own reputation. Many people do believe that a reputation can make the best of you, while others would strongly disagree. In Shakespeare’s novel, Othello, the main antagonist, Iago, frequently express that his reputation is important to him. However, he represents just some of the many characters who care a great deed about their reputation. Other characters like Desdemona and Othello also demonstrate a high regard for their reputations. Nevertheless, it is due to the importance of reputation in the novel that Iago, who has an honest reputation, is able to manipulate others, cause the destruction of others reputation and cause several deaths. As a result of†¦show more content†¦The most important person Iago uses his reputation to manipulate is Othello. Othello holds a significant amount of trust in Iago and when he claims Desdemona is cheating Othello believes him, which Iago justified evidence as proof. Othello allows himself t o give in entirely to Iago’s lie, which he is not aware of. Ay, let her rot and perish and be damned Tonight, for she shall not live. No, my heart is turned To stone. I strike it, and it hurts my hand. O, the World hath not a sweeter creature! She might lie by An emperor’s side and command him tasks (IV, i, 200- 204). Manipulating Othello by accusing his wife of cheating causes a catastrophic ending to the novel. With very little effort due to his honest reputation, causing others to hold a great deed of trust in him, Iago is able to manipulate several people. Having a great reputation can allow sly actions to go unnoticed. Iago has a great reputation in the eyes of his peers and due to that many of his actions go unnoticed, such as the way he is able to cause the destruction of others reputations. He was able to ruin Cassio’s reputation without being accused of doing so. With Cassio intoxicated, due to Iago, it caused him to commence a brawl which did not sit well with Othello. â€Å"Cassio, I love thee, but 3 nevermore be officer of mine† (II, iii, 264-Show MoreRelatedAuditing Assignment1425 Words   |  6 Pages Part A: General Application | Case Issues | S110 Integrity S110.1 members should be straightforward and honest in all professional and business relationship. S110.2 cannot knowingly associate with reports where the information contains materially false statement, recklessly furnished information or omitted information. (APESB, 2013) | * David should keep a straightforward and honest relationship with MAL. * David integrity will be compromised if these errors are discovered. | S120 ObjectivityRead MoreTo Each His Own by Leonardo Sciascia1021 Words   |  4 Pagespeople to become misled; this may eventually cause loss of a person’s reputation. The way gossip can affect many different things is presented in a plethora of scenarios in life and literature. An analysis of literary terms and techniques in Leonardo Sciascia’s novel To Each His Own demonstrates the idea that gossip in small towns may sometimes be extremely virulent since it is spreading false information and can affect one’s reputation through the vilification of that person. One day the pharmacistRead MoreMitsui Co: the Dpf Incident1113 Words   |  5 Pagesnumerically, such as positive customer relationships. * This system has led to a decline in employee morality. Processes * Management platform centered on internal controls and corporate compliance. * Extensive program to create an open and honest corporate culture. People * Conservative management with absence of a strong sense of morality and of high ideals. * Loyal employees with declining morality because of the remuneration system. * Lack of alignment with new corporate cultureRead MoreBenefits And Risks Of Communicating Dannon s Csr At The Public Forum On A Larger Scale2540 Words   |  11 Pagescreditability and reputation. Harrison (n.d.) explained that a corporate reputation is â€Å"the overall estimation in which an organization is held by its internal and external stakeholders based on its past actions and probability of its future behavior.† With a brand reputation at stake, every decision of a company can be seen as either a business tactic or a business trait. How the company is perceived, I would say, is what dictates a consumer to buy its product. A good reputation improves corporateRead MoreReputation in Othello921 Words   |  4 PagesReputation in Othello Reputation is the general way in which people perceive you to be based off of facts and opinions. Your reputation defines you as a member of society, and it can be used towards your benefit depending on if your reputation is good or bad. A good reputation often enables one to gain trust and respect from others, while a bad reputation may lead one to be considered as a treacherous and disloyal individual. Reputation plays an important role in Othello, as Iago uses his own reputationRead MoreThe Importance of Reputation in Shakespeares Othello Essay671 Words   |  3 PagesReputation is very important to Shakespeare, and he shows that very clearly in Othello: The Moor of Venice. Iagos reputation as an honest man, Othellos reputation as a just hero, Cassios changing reputation throughout the play, and Desdemonas reputation play a key role in the outcome of the play. Throughout the play, Iago is thought to be honest and a good advisor. We often see Â…honest IagoÂ… , or in Othellos words Â…this fellows of exceeding honestyÂ… . None of the characters in theRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Elizabeth Proctor In The Crucible825 Words   |  4 Pagesis Elizabeth Proctor. She is a static character because she undergoes very little changes throughout the play. The author illustrates the theme of reputation through Elizabeth. Her character shows traits of strength, honesty, and loyalty to protect her good reputation. Elizabeth Proctor is honest throughout The Crucible. She influenced others to be honest as well. Since people throughout Salem are not telling the truth and are spreading lies, Elizabeth knows that she must be the one to stand up forRead More Honest Iago of Shakespeares Othello Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesHonest Iago of Othello   Ã‚  Ã‚   To most of the world William Shakespeare is recognized as the greatest dramatist in history.   His plays have been performed for centuries through various interpretations.   Shakespeares vast knowledge, and writing style made his works interesting for both the intellectual, and the illiterate.   One of these styles is the use of motifs, which is seen extensively in Othello.   An important example that runs throughout Othello, is Iagos honesty.   This motif gaveRead MoreDISCUSS THE WAYS IN WHICH IAGO CONTROLS AND MANIPULATES TWO OTHER CHARACTERS IN1313 Words   |  6 Pagesloved in the way that he wants to be by Othello. If all goes well he will also become even more trusted by the other characters especially Othello, who as I said before he loves. Iago does this successfully because every one is always calling him ‘honest Iago’ and trusting Iago. Iago is an extremely clever man, because of all the intricate ways that he has manipulated Othel lo and Cassio. Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. In spite of his elevated Read MoreIllusory Infidelity in Othello1297 Words   |  6 Pagespossesses these qualities, hailing him, â€Å"Iago is most honest (II, iii, 7).† Iago’s main focus is to betray and misinform his master in an attempt to bring about his downfall, while at the same time presenting a deceiving, innocent and reliable image, â€Å"I am not what I am (I, I, 66).†Othello’s central flaw is his belief in appearances, leading him to believe, and accept Iago’s accusations, â€Å"The Moor is of a free and open nature, / That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, / And will as tenderly be

Poem Analysis - As I Grew Older, Langston Hughes Essay...

Poem Analysis â€Å"As I Grew Older,† by Langston Hughes Time passes by, leaving behind memories but dreams never fade. They are immortalised in ones’ souls. In the poem, â€Å"As I Grew Older† by Langston Hughes, the persona’s dreams are immortalised since his childhood although he faces numerous obstacles in achieving them. The poem is about one’s dream in life. In the quest of his journey, the persona encounters enormous number of challenges and barriers. The theme of this poem revolves around the strong willingness and the hardship needed for ones to achieve their goals. For teenagers, dreams seem to be their inspiration in life. They are stronger with the presence of dreams in their life. The persona first introduces his poem with the†¦show more content†¦It is showed in lines ‘I am black’ (line 14) and ‘I lie down in the shadow’ (line 15). For those who believe that they can achieve and acquire their dreams, they will certainly come out from the ‘shadow’ and run towards their dreams along the route of success as in the lines ‘Break through the wall’ (line22) and ‘Find my dream!’(line 23). (1) There is an ample number of literary devices in the poem â€Å"As I Grew Older† by Langston Hughes. The most prominent one is simile as in the line ‘Bright like a sun’. The poet compares his dream as bright as a sun. It is understood that the sun is the symbol of brightness and clearness (Simpsom Weiner, 1989). So does the persona’s dream. It is so clear to him, shines and never fades in his life. Apart from that, the wall is used is to symbolise the hardships and barriers that need to be encountered by the persona. The symbolism of wall as the hardship and barriers are really effective in this poem. The wall is depicted as hardship, barrier, limitations, conformity, exclusion, imprisonment, alienation and isolation (Calvo Jacques, 1998) that arises slowly but leaves a gigantic impact on the persona’s life. ‘And then the wall rose’ (line 7), ‘Rose slowly’ (line 8). The persona is drawn back in his life by the arisen wall as ‘I lie down in the shadow’ (line 15). The line ‘I lie in the shadow’ depicts that the persona has given up hope in his life, being restless, refuse to strive anymore for his life andShow MoreRelatedA Critical Analysis Of Langston Hughes Merry Go Round1789 Words   |  8 Pages A Critical Analysis of Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Merry-Go-Round† â€Å"Where Is The Jim Crow Section† Langston Hughes (1942) A little boy, accompanied by his mother, holds a ticket as he looks excitedly at a county fair’s carnival ride. As they get closer to the merry-go-round, he anticipates all the fun he will have, but then a puzzled look crosses his face.â€Å"Merry-Go-Round† by Langston Hughes criticizes the Jim Crow laws in the U.S. The justice system of Jim Crow were state and local lawsRead MoreAugust Wilson3685 Words   |  15 Pagescontinuum as Langston Hughes, Toni Morrison, and Thelonius Monk.1 When I began research on August Wilson I asked myself, so what? So what if hes won awards and recognition? What has he done to merit them? What makes this man important enough to do a research paper on? Why not Langston Hughes or Martin Luther King, Jr.? What makes this man matter in this society? As I continued my research I realized that, throughout my entire life, I had been deprived of knowing about such a man as August Wilson. I realizedRead MoreNot Without Laughter Study Guide9912 Words   |  40 PagesLiterature Study Guide Not Without Laughter by Langston Hughes For the online version of BookRags Not Without Laughter Literature Study Guide, including complete copyright information, please visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-not-without-laughter/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2012 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works:Read MoreAlice Malsenior6001 Words   |  25 Pagesteaching her life lessons that would be underlying tones in her multiple works (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Walker was a confident young girl until 1952, when an accident involving a BB gun left her blinded her in one eye. Although her older brother offered to pay for an operation to correct the impairment, Walker would never fully recover the sight of her right eye. The young Alice Walker would begin wearing glasses for the remainder of her life. The ridicule and loneliness that was created

Evaluate Critical Thinking Free Essays

My perception of our team’s metaphors as a whole is that we all are capable of expressing our thoughts about things in our lives as we see them through metaphors. Each of our metaphors allowed others to identify with our thoughts by connecting words with our senses. The metaphors that my team members have written are descriptive and easy to understand. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate Critical Thinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now The metaphors that the team members have written were very good and descriptive in my opinion. Personal Barriers None of our metaphors seemed to have any thinking errors in them such as, egocentric thinking, polarized thinking, or over-generalizations. Personalized barriers such as, enculturation was present in some of our metaphors and did affect the way we critically thought them through. Because most of our metaphors were based on things in our lives it was not surprising that these sources produced metaphors with enculturation. I think everyone, especially myself, has to be careful not to allow personal barriers get in the way. By not allowing their personal barriers to get in the way they were able to create easily understood metaphors. I think that the team did a good job in doing this. Language The next tool is language I think that the way the team constructed their metaphors through the use of language was clear and interesting. I do not really understand how someone could accurately communicate using metaphors. We as a society do not communicate this way and I find that it would be tough to communicate in this manner. We are meant to speak a certain way in order to communicate accurately for instance in America we speak English and in Germany they speak German. It would be difficult to go to Germany and speak English and communicate effectively if they only understood a little English. I personally could not communicate using metaphors to communicate accurately. The language in which we write, talk, and think helps for the individuals listen understand the message that we are trying to convey to them. So we must be clear in the message and the wording that we use to get our message across. The team did this well when contrasting their metaphors. I was able to understand what they were saying in most of their metaphors. One example is from Stephens metaphor about family â€Å"Constant and Changing; Joy and happiness; Frustration and confusion,† The language that he used describes the emotions that a family goes through and the language describe it well. Feelings The majority of our metaphors reflected our feelings towards family, events, and places. Our feelings were put into our metaphors to help connect our words to their meaning. In my opinion this is where the metaphor becomes powerful. It seems to me that there is a lot of feeling in many of their metaphors. One can feel it as it is read. The next tool is creativity check I believe that most of the metaphors exhibited a lot of creativity while remaining clear. Like feeling I think that creativity plays a very important role in the metaphors. The next tool used is that of organization. Creative Thinking I feel that all of our metaphors were creatively thought through. We successfully transformed our thoughts into a language that everyone could understand and appreciate. From what I can tell most of the metaphors created exhibited some kind of order. The last tool was logic. I also feel that the team’s metaphors seemed to follow this well. I would say that over all the metaphors that the team created was very creative, and fun to read. I would also say that some seemed to contain a lot of feeling, which also made them more enjoyable to read. By putting their feelings behind the metaphors and made the metaphors originally and showed that creative thinking was utilized when writing the metaphors. How to cite Evaluate Critical Thinking, Papers

Stockholm Syndrome free essay sample

Stockholm syndrome, or capture–bonding, is a psychological phenomenon in which hostages express empathy and sympathy and have positive feelings toward their captors, sometimes to the point of defending them. These feelings are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims, who essentially mistake a lack of abuse from their captors for an act of kindness.[1][2] The FBIs Hostage Barricade Database System shows that roughly 27% of victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome.[3] Stockholm syndrome can be seen as a form of traumatic bonding, which does not necessarily require a hostage scenario, but which describes â€Å"strong emotional ties that develop between two persons where one person intermittently harasses, beats, threatens, abuses, or intimidates the other.†[4] One commonly used hypothesis to explain the effect of Stockholm syndrome is based on Freudian theory. It suggests that the bonding is the individual’s response to trauma in becoming a victim. We will write a custom essay sample on Stockholm Syndrome or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Identifying with the aggressor is one way that the ego defends itself. When a victim believes the same values as the aggressor, they cease to be a threat.[5] Battered-person syndrome is an example of activating the capture–bonding psychological mechanism, as are military basic training and fraternity bonding by hazing.[dubious – discuss].[6][7][8] In the view of evolutionary psychology, â€Å"the mind is a set of information-processing machines that were designed by natural selection to solve adaptive problems faced by our hunter–gatherer ancestors.†[14] One of the â€Å"adaptive problems faced by our hunter–gatherer ancestors,† particularly females, was being abducted by another band. Life in the human â€Å"environment of evolutionary adaptiveness† (EEA) is thought by researchers such as Azar Gat to be similar to that of the few remaining hunter-gatherer societies. â€Å"Deadly violence is also regularly activated in competition over women. . . . Abduction of women, rape, . . . are widespread direct causes of reproductive conflict. . . .†[15] I.e., being captured[16] and having their dependent children killed might have been fairly common.[17] Women who  resisted capture in such situations risked being killed.[18] Azar Gat argues that war and abductions (capture) were typical of human pre-history.[15] When selection is intense and persistent, adaptive traits (such as capture–bonding) become universal to the population or species. (See Selection.) Partial activation of the capture–bonding psychological trait may lie behind battered-wife syndrome, military basic training, fraternity hazing, and sex practices such as sadism/masochism or bondage/discipline.[6] Being captured by neighboring tribes was a relatively common event for women in human history, if anything like the recent history of the few remaining primitive tribes. In some of those tribes (Yanomamo, for instance) practically everyone in the tribe is descended from a captive within the last three generations. Perhaps as high as one in ten of females were abducted and incorporated into the tribe that captured them In June 2012, at the 9th International Conference Developments in Economic Theory and Policy, in Bilbao, by the Department of Applied Economics V of the University of the Basque Country (Spain) and the Cambridge Centre for Economic and Public Policy, Department of Land Economy of the University of Cambrdge (United Kingdom), the concept of Stockholm syndrome was introduced in economics referring to governments that have been â€Å"kidnapped† by financial capital because of their need to refinance public debt. They are coerced into accepting high interest rates and conditions that compromise their sovereignty

How to Write a Memorable Author Bio (with Template)

How to Write a Memorable Author Bio (with Template) How to Write a Killer Author Bio It’s important for indie authors to know how to write an author bio that tells readers: who you are, what you write, why readers should trust you, and how you stand out from other writers.Your bio is like your calling card. â€Å"It's something that will let readers get a sense of who you are, and is an important part for pitching media and book proposals,† sums up marketer Rachel Cone-Gorham, formerly of Penguin Random House.This step-by-step guide dives into the four main components of a killer author bio and provides tips from our talented marketers for nailing each section.Why your author bio mattersFor non-fiction authors, the author bio is a critical marketing tool as who are you are is often as (or more!) important than what your book is about. If readers enjoy your books, they will likely want to get to know you better, summarizes Rob. â€Å"Use your bio as a tool to confirm your credibility, display your personality, and cross-promote other titles. By taking those steps, you can help transform readers into fans.†What are some of the best author bios you’ve seen on an Amazon page or on a back cover? Share them in the comments below and tell us why you like them.

BUCHANAN Last Name Origin and Meaning

BUCHANAN Last Name Origin and Meaning The Celtic last name Buchanan  has several possible origins: A habitational or geographical surname meaning who came from the district of Buchanan in Stirlingshire, a location near Loch Lomond in Scotland. The place name is thought to derive from  the Gaelic elements buth, meaning house and chanain, meaning of the canon.An anglicization of the German buchenhain, meaning beech wood. Most last names originate in more than one area, so to learn more about your Buchanan last name or to identify a Buchanan family crest that may have belonged to an ancestor, you really need to research the history of your own specific family. If you are new to genealogy, try these steps to begin tracing your family tree. Surname Origin ï » ¿Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings BUCKCANNON, BUCANNON, BUCHANON Famous People With the BUCHANAN Last Name James Buchanan  - 15th President of the United States Where Is the BUCHANAN Name Most Common? The Buchanan surname is interestingly most commonly found today in New Zealand and Australia, according to surname data from WorldNames PublicProfiler. It is also a fairly common surname in Canada, the United States and United Kingdom. Within the UK, the name is by far the most prevalent in Scotland, especially in Stirling, where the name originated, as well as the Western Isles.  The top cities for the Buchanan last name worldwide are all in the UK and Ireland: Glasgow, Edinburgh, Belfast, Liverpool and Aberdeen. The Buchanan surname currently ranks as 117th most common in Scotland, according to surname distribution data from Forebears. Data from the 1881 British census showed that Buchanan ranked highest in Dunbartonshire at #15, followed by Stirlingshire (27th), Renfrewshire (59th) and Lanarkshire (60th). The largest density of individuals named Buchanan, as a percentage of population, can be found in Anguilla, where one in 585 people use that last name. Genealogy Resources for the BUCHANAN Last Name Meanings and Origins of the 100 Top Scottish SurnamesInterestingly, Buchanan is the 67th most popular Scottish surname in the United States, but doesnt even crack the top 100 in Scotland. See which Scottish surnames are more popular! Buchanan Y-DNA Surname ProjectOver 200 men with the Buchanan last name have already tested their DNA and joined this project to help identify Buchanans of Scottish or Irish heritage into broad family groups. BUCHANAN Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Buchanan last name to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Buchanan query. FamilySearch - BUCHANAN GenealogySearch and access records, queries, and lineage-linked online family trees posted for the Buchanan surname and its variations. FamilySearch features over 1.2 million results for the Buchanan last name. DistantCousin.com - BUCHANAN Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Buchanan.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Social conflicts for abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social conflicts for abortion - Essay Example On the basis of judgement, the fetus is a human life, not a potential person. Termination of this life, even before it has left the womb, is viewed as essentially an act of murder. In abortion, the infant is evidently detached in content and being than the mother. It is being carried by the mother for nine months. Being morally upright individuals, we are supposed to look after the helpless, together with the unborn human being as it develops and matures. The mother's preference is merely what difficulty she needs to run away from. Corollary to the discussion on family planning is the sensitive issue on abortion. The First World of the G-7 or Group of Highly Industrialized Countries favors the liberal approach to dehumanize the world through the more fatal solution of abortion. Any reasons to advance to justify such act of fetus killing could not deodorize the abominations created by the killing of the unborn. The unborn has nothing to do with the problems of the would-be parents for he is just but a necessary feature in a husband-wife relationship. We acquire way too much credit, credit that God deserves. We believe that we created life. God provided us bodies gifted of procreating with extraordinarily intricate and precise hormonal equilibrium and physiologic transformations that permit the body to function. It is astonishing, when we wi... Several minutes of sex and some time developing in a uterus is not 'creating' a child. If I would like to bake a cake, it needs time and cautious action and thought to accomplish this. An infant is much more complicated. We cannot construct all required DNA; man cannot obtain the considered necessary DNA and construct life under the most controlled circumstances. Man still has not made any kind of life, even the most simple one-cell kind. We can invent scientific innovations but we cannot make life. God does this routinely. We must give Him the credit. Life begins at conception. Hence, a fetus at any stage of its development is a human being, with the same right to life as any other human being. Thus, to take life of a fetus by abortion is the same as taking the life of an adult without due process of law. That is, fetuses are not tried for a crime or sentenced to death penalty for a crime. They are simply put to death summarily. That is plain murder. Each fetus has an immortal soul from the moment of its conception and that any soul destroyed before it is baptized is eternally lost to salvation. Human bodies do not belong to the people who occupy them or to the parents who beget them, and they certainly do not belong to society. Bodies belong to God, and God alone has the right to decide what happens to them. It best to believe that we should stand by these arguments deeply that the efforts to outlaw abortions are dedicated to the most sacred and important cause in politics: The preservation of human beings and their immortal souls from murder and eternal damnation. I suppose the motive a person who is pro-abortion to be legal is, simply put, selfishness. The abortion occurs as the mother (maybe under other's pressure)

PC Spec word project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PC Spec word project - Essay Example Having considered the requirements of the Director, it is proposed to buy high end computers that have separate graphics and memory cards from the motherboard. Standard office computer utilizes the embedded GPU and RAM which is not adequate to perform video and graphics editing. Also, softwares such as Adobe Lightroom and Adobe Premiere have system requirements that necessitate computers with high end specs. If the company have the budget to buy branded computers that meets the following requirement such as Dell Precision T3610 series, then it should go ahead and purchase those. If the company however is strapped on cash, it can assemble its own computer by buying the parts that can perform the tasks required by the Director. Manage and protect the system, data, and information while working on the Internet including scanning all incoming emails, email attachments, and files downloaded from Web-based sources; firewall, virus and spyware (security) protection; and checking websites for phishing and fraudulent activities. Audio Editing Software Review 2014 | Best Sound Editing Software | Audio Editor Software - TopTenREVIEWS. (n.d.).  TopTenREVIEWS. Retrieved June 21, 2014, from

Alkali Aggregate Reaction Essay -- essays research papers

ASR is one example of a more general problem known as Alkali Aggregate Reaction [AAR]. ASR is a chemical process in which alkalis, usually predominantly from the cement, combine with certain types of silica in the aggregate when moisture is present. This reaction produces an alkali-silica gel that can absorb water and expand to cause cracking and disruption of the concrete. For damaging reaction to take place the following need to be present in sufficient quantities. High alkali cement Reactive aggregate [e.g. crushed greywacke type sandstone] Moisture Structures most at risk are bridges, hydraulic structures, exposed frames [e.g. open multistorey car parks] and foundations. In relation to total construction volume, the incidence of significant damage due to ASR in the UK is small. ASR was discovered in the USA in the 1940s; no case was found in the UK until 1971 [in a concrete dam in Jersey]. The problem is known to exist in at least 35 countries. Affected concrete often exhibits map cracking of the surface, known colloquially as Isle of Man cracking after that island`s three legged emblem. In heavily loaded sections the cracking will probably follow the line of the main reinforcement. An excellent overview of the phenomenon can be found in BRE Digest 330. Since the early 1980s recommendations have been produced and refined to the stage where ASR is unlikely if these are adopted. Principal methods include.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Controlling the level of available ...

Ethics Game & Reflective Journal Essay

This journal contains the reflection of the Ethics Game simulation assignment. The purpose of this paper is to describe the steps and process that I used to answer the ethical questions involved in two simulation games: The case of the troubled Teen and Policies and Politics. In addition I will also discuss how these concepts relate to my workplace. The case of the Troubled Teen: This case describes the case of an unmarried, 16 year old pregnant patient (RB) admitted to the labor and delivery, accompanied by her parents. Parents chose to limit medication citing personal reasons. The primary nurse (YN) is concerned that the situation may become critical for the patient and unborn baby. The nursing staff is also concerned that the parents may not understand the consequences of their action. The ethical issue in this case is how to ensure safe delivery of the baby and to provide adequate medical care to both mother and baby. The case of Policy and Politics: This case describes one of the ICU patients AT, who is unconscious for few days, was brought to the hospital by his domestic partner. YM, his partner was beside him in the ER but he was not allowed to be with the patient after transferring to ICU. The day supervisor CB prevented Yves from visiting AT. Her actions violated current hospital same sex domestic partner policy. The question her is if the rights of the patient and the significant others have been violated here. Decision making steps I used an organized process to make this ethical decision called the Baird Method, which consists of four steps. Step 1: Identify the issue in the ethical dilemma, and evaluate the evidence. I need to be attentive as to gather all data to determine which issue has to be resolved. Step 2: Identify the primary stakeholders. I have to be intelligent and identify the real issue in the case. Step 3: Use my knowledge, be reasonable, fair, and understand my duty, which focus on the equal rights and remember my role on the impact on stakeholders. Step 4: Develop a situation that has balance and meets the needs of all stakeholders and communicate the decision to everyone involved. Applying these steps to issue of the Troubled teen I gathered all the information from the patient’s chart, went over the care  plan, medical plan and received the bedside verbal report from the outgoing nurse. She was not given adequate pain medicine nor seen by the physician on call because she/he was attending an emergency elsewhere. The stakeholders in this situation are as follows: †¢RB, the patient †¢LB, RB’s unborn child †¢RB’s parents †¢Shift supervisor †¢YN, RN caring for RB †¢The Shareholders Applying these steps to the issue of Policy and Politics: First of all here, I have to identify the problem. There are two issues here. One is allowing the domestic partner to visit the patient and the second one is to make sure that the hospital staffs follow the policy of the hospital. The stakeholders are †¢AT, the ICU patient †¢YM, the domestic partner †¢Staff nurse, M †¢CB, the shift supervisor †¢AF, the director of nursing †¢The Shareholders Ethical Lens used that influenced decisions Lens used in Troubled Teen case: Using the rights and responsibility lens, I could identify my duties as to assure that the care of the pregnant teen is not compromised and for those who cannot speak for themselves. I want to ensure that there is a safe delivery of the mother and the baby is safe. Result lens considers focus on the results we want in our community and how it contributes to the greater good in our community and to greater number of people. I used the action that tilted towards sensibility because I honored the need in this situation to consider parental wishes and aftercare of mother and baby. In the first situation the rights and responsibility lens was first and foremost in my mind. My duty made me to assure that the care of the patient and her unborn baby was not in danger nor the care was compromised especially when someone can’t speak for themselves. I used the result lens to make the care plans and involve the parents in the care of  their child and grandchild with the help of chaplain. In the second situation, it focused on the system and allowed me to incorporate what is best for the system and community, however protecting the rights of both. Lens used in the Policies and Politics case: In this case the use of relationship lens and reputation lens was used. The relationship lens focuses on the processes that systems need an ethical organization. The ethical lens tries to protect the basic liberties of everyone and this situation the domestic partner is to be treated like any other person. However, the reputation lens focuses on assuring that the hospital protocols are consistently followed and in this situation the partner should be allowed to visit his other partner. How concepts relate to the workplace In my workplace I face difficult ethical decisions associated with patient care and the policies set forth by the care agencies. This simulation helped me to recognize my own personal values, such as equality, fairness, compassion, which influences my decision in various decisions. This game helped me to examine the decision making process when faced with the difficult situations and how to make the right decision during any dilemma. The process set up in our workplace might not be ethical one for that particular situation but in this scenarios they were not followed blindly, but the best option was picked to solve them. Identifying my personal values and gaining knowledge of the ethical lenses allowed me to minimize necessary conflict at work and deal directly with the situation. CONCLUSION Ethical issues at work place associated with the patient care can add stress and increased burden on the nurses. The ethical game simulation allowed me to identify the issues and guided me through a systematic approach to solve the dilemma. This exercise helped me to prepare for a situation which will help me to reduce stress and make a sound judgment. The lenses allowed me to gain knowledge and insight to solve the problems.

Definition of Force in Physics

Force is a quantitative description of an interaction that causes a change in an objects motion. An object may speed up, slow down, or change direction in response to a force. Put another way, force is any  action  that tends to maintain or alter the  motion  of a body or to distort it.  Objects are pushed or pulled by forces acting on them. Contact  force  is defined as the force exerted when two physical objects come in direct contact with each other. Other forces, such as gravitation and electromagnetic forces, can exert themselves even across the empty vacuum of space. Key Takeaways: Key Terms Force: A description of an interaction that causes a change in an objects motion. It can also be represented by the symbol F.The Newton: The unit of force within the International system of units (SI). It can also be represented by the symbol N.Contact forces: Forces which take place when objects touch each other. Contact forces can be classified according to six types: tensional, spring, normal reaction, friction, air friction, and weight.Noncontact forces: Forces that take place when two objects do not touch. These forces can be classified according to three types: gravitational, electrical, and magnetic. Units of Force Force is a  vector; it has both direction and magnitude. The SI unit  for  force is the  newton  (N). One newton of force is equal to 1 kg * m/s2 (where the * symbol stands for times). Force is proportional to acceleration, which is defined as the rate of change of velocity. In calculus terms, force is the derivative of momentum with respect to time. Contact vs. Noncontact Force There are two types of forces in the universe: contact and noncontact. Contact forces, as the name implies, take place when objects touch each other, such as kicking a ball: One object (your foot) touches the other object (the ball). Noncontact forces are those where objects do not touch each other. Contact forces can be classified according to six different types: Tensional: such as a string being pulled tightSpring: such as the force exerted when you compress two ends of a springNormal reaction: where one body provides a reaction to a force exerted upon it, such as a ball bouncing on a blacktopFriction: the force exerted when an object moves across another, such as a ball rolling over a blacktopAir friction: the friction that occurs when an object, such as a ball, moves through the airWeight: where a body is pulled toward the center of the Earth due to gravity Noncontact forces can be classified according to three types: Gravitational: which is due to the gravitational attraction between two bodiesElectrical: which is due to the electrical charges present in two bodiesMagnetic: which occurs due to the magnetic properties of two bodies, such as the opposite poles of two magnets being attracted to each other Force and Newtons Laws of Motion The concept of force was originally defined by Sir Isaac Newton in his three laws of motion. He explained gravity as an attractive force between bodies that possessed mass. However, gravity within Einsteins general relativity doesnt require force. Newtons First Law of Motion says that an object will continue to move at a constant velocity unless it is acted upon by an external force. Objects in motion remain in motion until a force acts on them. This is inertia. They wont speed up, slow down, or change direction until something acts on them. For example, if you slide a hockey puck,  it will eventually stop because of friction on the ice. Newtons Second Law of Motion says that force is directly proportional to acceleration (the rate of change of momentum) for a constant mass. Meanwhile, acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. For example, when you throw a ball thrown onto the ground, it exerts a downward force; the ground, in response, exerts an upward force causing the ball to bounce. This law is useful for measuring forces. If you know two of the factors, you can calculate the third. You also know that if an object is accelerating, there must be a force acting on it.   Newtons Third Law of Motion relates to interactions between two objects. It says that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. When a force is applied to one object, it has the same effect on the object that produced the force but in the opposite direction. For example, if you jump off a small boat into the water, the force you use to jump forward into the water will also push the boat backward. The action and reaction forces happen at the same time. Fundamental Forces There are four fundamental forces that govern the interactions of physical systems. Scientists continue to pursue a unified theory of these forces: 1. Gravitation: the force that acts between masses. All particles experience the force of gravity. If you hold a ball up in the air, for example, the mass of the Earth allows the ball to fall due to the force of gravity. Or if a baby bird crawls out of its nest, the gravity from the Earth will pull it to the ground. While the graviton has been proposed as the particle mediating gravity, it has not yet been observed. 2. Electromagnetic: the force that acts between electrical charges. The mediating particle is the photon. For example, a loudspeaker uses the electromagnetic force to propagate the sound, and a banks door locking system uses electromagnetic forces to help shut the vault doors tightly. Power circuits in medical instruments like magnetic resonance imaging use electromagnetic forces, as do the magnetic rapid transit systems in Japan and China—called maglev for magnetic levitation. 3. Strong nuclear: the force that holds the nucleus of the atom together, mediated by gluons acting on quarks, antiquarks, and the gluons themselves. (A gluon is a messenger particle that binds quarks within the protons and neutrons. Quarks are fundamental particles  that combine to form protons and neutrons, while antiquarks are identical to quarks in mass but opposite in electric and magnetic properties.) 4. Weak nuclear: the force that is mediated by exchanging W and Z bosons and is seen in beta decay of neutrons in the nucleus. (A boson is a type of particle that obeys the rules of Bose-Einstein statistics.) At very high temperatures, the weak force and the electromagnetic force are indistinguishable.